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international accounting


MANAGEMENT PLANNING AND CONTROL

FOUR DIMENSIONS IN THE MODELING BUSINESS
            The latest survey found That Management Accountants spend more time in strategic planning issues than before. Determination of the business model of the big picture, and consists of the formulation, implementation and evaluation of long-term business plan of a company. It includes four games dimensions.
1. Identify the major factors relevant to the company's progress in the future.
2. Formulate an adequate technique to predict future developments and analyze the company's ability to adapt or take advantage of these developments.
3. Develop data sources for support strategic choices.
4. Certain choices translate into a series of specific actions.

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STANDARD COST CONCEPT AND KAIZEN
Determining the standard cost system tries to minimize the variance Between budgeted costs with actual costs. Kaizen Costing stressed to do what is Necessary to Achieve the Desired levels of performance in a competitive market conditions.
The concept of Standard Costs:
- cost control
- Applied to existing manufacturing conditions
- Goals: compliance with performance standards
- Standards are determined each year
- Analysis of variance based on actual vs. standard
- Investigate if the standard is not met
The concept of Kaizen Cost:
- cost reduction
- Applied to manufacturing improvements on an ongoing basis
- Objective: To Achieve cost reduction targets
- Target cost reduction is determined each month
- Analysis of variance based on a constant cost reduction
- Investigate if the target is not Achieved cost

international accounting

INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING HARMONIZATION

             A number of companies seeking to raise capital in markets outside the country of origin and the investors who seek to diversify their investments internationally face increasing problems as a result of national differences in terms of accounting, disclosure, and audit.
Sometimes people use the term harmonization and standardization as if both have the same meaning. However, contrary to the harmonization, standardization generally means the determination of a group of rigid rules and narrow and may even be the application of a single standard or rule in any situation. Standardization does not accommodate the differences between countries, and therefore more difficult to 
implementation internationally. Harmonization is much more flexible and open, do not use one size fits all approach, but to accommodate some of the differences and have experienced great progress internationally in recent years.

DIFFERENCES OF HARMONIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD

Harmonization
·                     The process to improve the compatibility accounting practices to determine the limits of how much these practices may vary
·                     Not using a one size fits all
·                     But accommodates be some agreement and has experienced great progress internationally in recent years.
·                     Harmonization much more flexible and opened.

Standardization
·                     Determination of a group of rigid rules and narrow
·                     Application of a single standard or rule in any situation
·                     Standards do not accommodate the differences between countries.
·                     More difficult for the international implementation.

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